Bibliography (codes [eaa] to [ebz])

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[eaj]

[ear01]

Remarks: A full study on British flags, details the history and background of colours often used without thought to the origin and purpose. The author begins with The Royal Standard, Union Jack, and on to the flags of the army and the colonies. All the components and details are briefly described. Included are full colour plates and footnotes.

[eba94]

Remarks: N28 in [brz96b].

Colour chart published in 1994 by the Flag Society of Australia and the Flag Research Center. Authors and copyright holders: John Edwards & Ralph Bartlett. Includes 202 flags and a geographical map for location and does not give any precision other than «The legal status of the flags on this chart varies widely. The flags appear as a matter of record only, and may not be taken to represent any opinion of the compilers or publisher as to their status. Flags on this chart are correct as of December 1993.»

1. Orandia
2. KwaZulu
3. Mayotte (Comoro Islands Democratic Front)
4. Cabinda
5. Katanga
6. South Kasai
7. Lualaba
8. Batwa
9. Ruwenzuru
10. Buganda
11. Eri
12. Western Region
13. Northern Nigeria
14. Biafra
15. Benin
16. Madeira
17. Azores islands
18. Revolutionary Movement of the Blue Men
19. Chad (Frolinat)
20. North Chad
21. Republic of Logone
22. Anya-Nya
23. Imatong
24. Oromia
25. Somaliland Republic
26. West Somali Liberation Front
27. Judea
28. Druzes - Israel
29. Druzes - Lebanon
30. Lebanon Christians
31. Arabestan
32. Kurdistan
33. Zazakistan
34. North Cyprus
35. North Epirus
36. Turkish Bulgarians
37. Mavrolachians
38. Montenegro
39. Hrvatska Hercegovina-Bosna
40. Srpska Bosna Hercegovina
41. Krajina
42. Istocnja Slavonia
43. Moveman Harpitanya
44. Jura
45. Friuli
46. Patrje Ladine
47. South Tyrol
48. Trieste
49. Venice
50. Piedmont
51. Val d’Aosta
52. Northern Republic
53. Lombard League
54. Liguria
55. Tuscany
56. Sicily
57. Andalucia
58. Valencia - South-East Spain
59. Balearic Islands
60. Vall d’Aran
61. Aragon
62. Asturias
63. Galicia
64. Savoy
65. Occitania
66. Provence
67. Normandy
68. Celtic Union
69. Alsace
70. German-speaking Community, Belgium
71. Wallonia
72. Flanders
73. Friesland
74. East Frisians
75. North Frisians
76. Ulster
77. Skania
78. Silesia
79. Moravia
80. Lemkovina
81. Kashubia
82. Livians (Livonians) - West Latvia.
83. Ingria [Inkeri] (Ingrians) - St Petersburg’s area, West Russia.
84. Karjala (Karelians) - North-West Russia.
85. Komi Republic (Komi) [Zyrians] - North Russia.
86. Yamalo-Nenets (Yamals & Nenets) - North Russia.
87. Mordovia (Mordovians) [Moksha] - Central Russia.
88. Mari El (Marsi) [Cheremisses] - Central Russia.
89. Vepsians - North-West Russia.
90. Udmurtia (Udmurts) [Votyaks] - Central Russia.
91. Cha¨vash’ Jen (Chuvashes) - Central Russia.
92. Tatarstan (Tatars) - Central Russia.
93. Khalmg-Tangch (Kalmyks) - South-East Russia.
94. Don Cossacks - South-East Russia.
95. Kuban Cossacks - South-East Russia.
96. Terek Cossacks - North Caucasus, Russia.
97. Krim (Tatars) - Crimena peninsula.
98. Krim (Russians) - Krimean peninsula.
99. Cis-Dnestrian Moldova [Podniestrskaya Moldova] (Russians) - East Moldova.
100. Gagauzia [Gagauzes] (Turkish Christians) - South Moldova.
101. Ak-Rusya Tatar (Tatars) - Belorussia.
102. Daghestan - North Caucasus, Russia.
103. Adyge Republic (Adygei) - North Caucasus, Russia, based on written description.
104. Cherkess Respublike (Cherkesses) [Circassians] - North Caucasus, Russia.
105. Keberdei¨ Respublike (Kabardins) - North Caucasus, Russia.
106. Karachay Republic (Karachays) - North Caucasus, Russia.
107. Malkar Respublika (Balkarians) - North Caucasus, Russia.
108. Nokhchyi¨chuo (Chechens) - North Caucasus, Russia.
109. Galgai Republic (Ingushes) - North Caucasus, Russia.
110. North Ossetia (Iristi) [Ossetes] - North Caucasus, Russia.
111. South Ossetia (Iristi) [Ossetes] - North Caucasus, Georgia.
112. Abkhazia [Apsny] (Abkhazians) - North West Georgia.
113. Artsakh [Nagorno-Karabagh] (Armenians) - West Azerbaijan.
114. Go¨kchai and Zangezur (Azerbaijanis) - East Armenia.
115. Nakhichevan (Southern Azerbaijanis) - Armenian/Iranian border.
116. Ural Republic - East Russia and West Siberia.
117. Ural Cossacks - East Russia and West Siberia.
118. Khantu-Mansi (Khanti & Mansi [Ostyaks & Vogols]) - West Siberia.
119. Bashkortostan (Bashkirs) - West Siberia.
120. Evenkia (Evenki [Tunguses]) - Central Siberia.
121. Khakassia (Khakass Turks) - South Siberia.
122. Tuva Ulus (Tuvinian Mongols) - South Siberia.
123. Buryat Ulus [Buryatia] (Buryat Mongols) - South Siberia.
124. Agu”n Buryatia - South Siberia.
125. Ust-Ordu”n Buryatia - South Siberia.
126. Altay Republic (Oirot Mongols and Kirghiz) - South Siberia.
127. Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) - North Siberia.
128. Sakha Omuk [Sakha Respubli Kalar] (Sakhas [Yakuts]) - North Siberia.
129. United States of North Asia - Siberia.
130. Yidishtim Yehudit (Jewish National Region) - South-East Siberia.
131. Chukotka (Palaeosiberians) - East Siberia.
132. Chav’ Chu”v [Koryakia] (Koryaks) - Kamchatka.
133. Ainus - Hokkaido, North Japan.
134. Ryukyu Islands [Okinawa] - Prefecture, South Japan.
135. Taiwan - Democratic Progressive Party [Min Jin Tang].
136. Hainan (Li and Miao, 1943-1949) - South China - War flag).
137. East Turkestan (Uighurs) - West-china, Xinjiang.
138. Sikkim (former Rong kingdom) - North-East India.
139. Gurkhaland (Gurkhas) - Nepal.
140. Hunza (State and mirate) - North Pakistan.
141. Dir (Fomer principalty) - North-West Pakistan.
142. Pakthunistan (Pathans) - Afghan-Pakistan frontier.
143. Baluchistan (Baluchis) - Afghan/Pakistani/Iranian frontier.
144. Sindhu-Desh (Sindhis) - South Pakistan.
145. Sind (Hindu Sindhis) - South Pakistan.
146. United Suvadivian Republic (early 1960s) - South Maldive Islands.
147. Tamil Nadu (Free Tamil movement) - South-East India.
148. Andhra (Jai Andhra movement) - Andhra Pradesh, South-East India.
149. Manipur (Meithei and hill tribes) - Noth-East India.
150. Mizoram (Mizos, Zomis or Chins) - North-East India.
151. Assam [Asom] (United Liberation Front of Asom) - North-East India.
152. Chittagong Hill Tracts (Hill tribes) - Bangladesh.
153. Arakan [Rakhine] (National Union Front of Arakan) - Burma [Myanmar]
154. Kachinland (Kachin Independence Orgnization) - Burma
155. Zoram [Chin State] (Zomi [‘Chins’]) - Burma.
156. Shan State (Shanland United Army, Union of Shanland Republics, Shans), war flag - Burma.
157. Karenni [Kayah State] (Red Karens), based on written description - Burma.
158. Wa National Organization (Was) - Burma.
159. Pa-O National Organization (Pa-Os) - Burma.
160. Palaung State Liberation Party (Palaungs) - Burma.
161. Lahu National Organization (Lahus) - Burma.
162. New Môns State Party (Môns) - Burma.
163. Chao Fa Movement (H’mongs) - Laos.
164. Khmer Mountain Tribes - Central Vietnam, war flag.
165. Champa Independent Republic, 1965 (Chams) - Central Vietnam.
166. Mindanao (Mindanao Independence Movement) - Philippines.
167. Christmas Island - External territory, Australia.
168. Torres Strait Islanders (Melanesians) - Queensland dependency, Australia.
169. Norfolk Island - External territory, Australia.
170. Papua (Papua Bessena separatist movement) - Papua New Guinea.
171. Maori Nation (Maoris) - New Zealand (Aotearoa).
172. Na-Griamel League (Separatist Movement, 1963-1980) - Vanuatu.
173. N’Makiaute (Malekula Island separatists, 1980) - Vanuatu.
174. Wallis and Futuna Islands (Polynesians) - French Overseas Territory.
175. Tahitinui (Pan-Polnesian Independence Movement) - French Polynesia.
176. Tahiti - Subdivision, French Polynesia.
177. Tuamotu Islands - Subdivision, French Polynesia.
178. Marquesas Islands - Subdivision, French Polynesia.
179. Ka Lahui Hawai (Polynesian sovereignty movement) - Hawaiian Islands, United States.
180. Labrador (Local autonomist movement) - Newfoundland dependency, Canada.
181. Newfoundland (‘Newfies’ separatist movement) - Canada.
182. Inuit (‘Eskimos’) - Alaska.
183. Acadians (Francophones of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Louisiana [Cajuns]) - Canada and United States.
184. Kaniengehaga (Mohawk Indian Nation) - Canada and United States.
185. Haida Gwaii (Haida Indian Nation) - British Columbia, Canada.
186. Nistassin (Innu Indians) - Quebec and Labrador, Canada.
187. Teme-Augama Anishnabai (Indian Nation) - North Ontario, Canada.
188. American Indian Movement - United States.
189. North Cheyene Indian Tribe - Montana, United States.
190. Seminole Indian Tribe - Florida, United States.
191. Micosukee Indian Tribe - Florida, United States.
192. Navajo Indian Nation - New Mexico, United States
193. Black Americans - United States.
194. Mexican Americans [‘La Raza’] - United States.
195. Guadeloupe (People’s Movement for an Independent Guadeloupe [MPGI] - French Overseas Department, Caribbean.
196. Martinique (Martiniquan Independence Movement [MIM]) - French Overseas Department, Caribbean.
197. Tule Republic (Cuna Indians, 1925) - San Blas Islands, Panama.
198. Tawantinsuyo Liberation Front (Indians) - Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
199. Indian Tribes of Colombia - Colombia.
200. Tupac Katari Indian Movement (MITKA) - Bolivia.
201. Mapu [Araucania] (Mapuche Indians) - Chile.
202. Republic of the Pampas (separatist movement) - South Brazil.

I would counsel some caution in treating the Australian flag chart on Aspirant Peoples as a source. It contains a lot of images which cannot be supported by documentation or any kind of evidence, some of which spring from the fevered brow of a Russian vexillologist of doubtful reputation. They need to be treated with some scepticism until further evidence comes along.
William Crampton, 1996

The authors of the chart included the flag in good faith, I know them as serious vexillologists. And as they state in the chart, the flags appear as a matter of record only. In fact it is very difficult to decide on which flags from all the hundreds of flags discussed in vexillological periodicals (or FOTW) do really represent an aspirant people, or do just belong to an ephimeral political party representing only a tiny aspirant part of that people. Criteria of including or omitting flags on the various charts published all over the world are difficult to understand for readers. Criteria are also difficult to set up by authors. In democratic countries, where regional, state or autonomous flags are legally recognised, differentiation of separatist movements’ flags on one hand, which often represent but a very small part of the population, from the same traditional regional flag, which represents the big majority of the population accepting their region as a part of the state or nation, is most difficult.
Emil Dreyer, 11 Dec 2000

Please note, that the Flags of Non-Independent Peoples and Flags of Aspirant Peoples jcl90] charts are two separate publications. As both charts contain different flags I had to call the two charts by different, but similar, names as it is the same general subject matter.
Ralph Kelly, Jun 2005

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