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Vatican (Holy See) - Swiss Guard

Last modified: 2006-03-18 by martin karner
Keywords: vatican | holy see | swiss guard | vatican guard | catholic |
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Basic Pattern
image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 7 June 2005


On this page:

See also:


Overview

The Papal Swiss Guard was founded in 1506. It is today largely ceremonial, but like the Guards in London they are a fully operational modern military force. When in ceremonial 16th century uniform, they keep their firearms in guard boxes nearby. The Papal Guard are the only mercenary unit permitted under Swiss law since 1859, and are the last of a long tradition of a million mercenaries in the world's armies. The Guard today consists of 5 officers, 25 NCOs and 70 halberdiers.
You can see a photo of recruits swearing in on the Guards flag at <www.christusrex.org>. I don't know when the flag was instituted, or how it has evolved, but it represents the 18th century tradition of Swiss mercenary flags. It consists of a white cross "traversante" (extending to the edges, unlike the modern short Swiss cross) which conveniently divides the flag into brightly coloured quarters. The first and fourth quarters are identical and consist of the Pope's arms on a red field. Presumably these change on the Swiss Guards' flag with every new pope. The second and third quarters are also identical, consisting of five horizontal stripes -- blue-yellow-red-yellow-blue. (These are the colours of the Guards' Renaissance-style uniform, which incidentally dates from 1915, and was not designed by Michelangelo as the popular myth would have us believe.) The central device on the white cross is probably the arms of the colonel of the regiment, or those of the Pfyffer d'Altishofen family which made the colonelcy hereditary from 1652 to 1847. I'm not sure what the rules are for changing the central coat of arms.
The colour photo represents the annual swearing in of recruits on 6 May (and the Guard's principal ceremonial event). This is the anniversary of the 1527 sack of Rome when the 200-strong Guard defended Pope Clement VII against a Spanish-German army of 22,000. 147 were killed (including the Captain Kaspar Roist of Zurich), and the survivors took the Pope to Castel San Angelo where they held out for a month before negiotiating a surrender. Ironically Zurich was in the throws of the Reformation and had recalled the Captain and his fellow Zurichers. They decided to wait until the storm blew over, and paid for it with their lives.
T.F. Mills, 6 May 1998

The following is paraphrased and condensed from the article on the Swiss Guards in the New Catholic Encyclopedia:

"From the time of the Middle Ages, Swiss pikemen fought as mercenaries in the armies of many European states under treaties with the various Swiss cantons.  Among the most famous of these were the Garde Suisse of the French monarchy.
Swiss soldiers served the armies of the Papacy from the late 1300s onward, but only during the reign of Julius II (1503-13) was action taken to establish an organized unit of Swiss Guards directly under the Pope.  In 1505, pursuant to a treaty was signed between Pope Julius II and the cantons of Zurich and Lucerne, Julius requested that the two cantons send 200 soldiers to Rome under the command of Peter von Hertenstein as condottiere and Caspar von Silenen as captain.  They arrived on January 21, 1506, and were taken into service with a papal blessing in St. Peter's Square.  That event is considered to be the date of establishment of the Vatican's corps of Swiss Guards, the "Cohors pedestris Helvetiorum a sacra custodia Pontificis."  This unit is the only modern survival of the Swiss mercenary tradition, as the Swiss Constitution of 1874 prohibits the enlistment of Swiss citizens in the forces of foreign powers with the exception of the Holy See.
Joe McMillan , 28 Febuary 2000

Quoting from The Banner of the Papal Swiss Guard by Walter Angst in The Flag Bulletin, 187, May-June 1999

"only unmarried Swiss males of the Catholic faith - historically, mainly from the four original Swiss cantons (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Luzern) and Valais - are eligible for serviece.  Moreover, they must all be between 19 and 30 years of age, at least 174 cm tall and must have fulfilled their basic military training in the Swiss Army.  They are privately contracted for this special Foreign Service for at least two years.  No official is openly involved in the process, but usually the discreet services of some parish priests are used.  Guard duty includes the bodyguard for the pontiff, the watch at the entrances to the city, the ceremonial honor guard, security at many religious and diplomatic functions, as well as information, surveillance, and similar service. The commander of the Swiss Guard is always a colonel.  He belongs to the "pontifical family," holding the rank of a "Chamberlain of His Holiness." The pope alone appoints the commander.  At present, the colonel commands a lieutenant colonel, a guard chaplain, a major, a captain, a master sergeant, four sergeants, 10 corporals, 10 vice-corporals, and 70 halberdiers. This makes up the Guard of 100 men, although in 1971 this force had dwindled to only 40 members.  By law the Guard can be composed of at most 100 volunteers; hence it is called Hundertschweizer - (one hundred Swiss.)
"Unlike the regiments of the former military Foreigh Service (which remained at times under the laws of the Swiss Confederation), the Swiss Guard is under the pope who, throughthe secretary of state of the Vatican, exercises far-reaching jurisdiction over his 100 Swiss.  The Guards must live inside the walled city of the Vatican and they are considered citizens of the Vatican State during their years of active service.  Since the Second Vatican Council, their famed steel breast-armor is normally worn only on one special ceremonial occassion - the yearly swearing-in ceremony of new Guards, which takes place on 6 May."

The Flag Bulletin shows also the current flag of the Swiss guard, divided into Four quarters by the Swiss cross.  This flag changes with every pope and with the commander of the Swiss Guard.  Therefore, the arms of Pope John Paul II in the first quarter on a red background, horizontal stripes of blue, yellow, red, yellow and blue in the second quarter, horizontal stripes of red, yellow, blue, yellow and red in the third quarter and the arms of Pope Julius II are in the fourth quarter on a red background and centered on the cross the arms of the current commander withing a green wreath.
Angst quotes 189 Swiss Guards who were at the 1527 sacking of Rome, of which 147 perished.  When the Germans invaded Rome in 1944, the Swiss Guard stationed themselves in military grey uniform, behind machine guns and mortars just in case.
Phil Nelson , 29 Febuary 2000

Above is an image of the Swiss Guard flag, .  The flag is 2 meters square or a bit larger.  The gray area on the center inside the wreath is where the commander's arms are shown, placed on a background of the colors of his native canton.
Joe McMillan, 29 Febuary 2000

Looking at the Swiss Guards flag as illustrated above, and comparing it with the text, I see that according to the text the arms in the first and fourth quarters are the same. However, in your illustration, the arms in the first quarter are those of John Paul II, while those in the fourth quarter show a tree. Also, there is mention of a coat of arms in the centre (which is shown in the photograph of guardsmen swearing allegiance), but there's just a grey centre to the wreath in the illustration.
Mike Oettle, 19 December 2001

The difference with the photo, as far as I can tell, is in the Coat of Arms on the center of the cross and the size of the achievements in the first and fourth quarters.  The Coat of Arms in the fourth quarter is not visible in the photo at the link, except for the tiara and keys, and is therefore not inconsistent with the image.  As to the gray area on the center, note what Phil Nelson wrote above:  "This flag changes with every pope and with the commander of the Swiss Guard ... centered on the cross the arms of the current commander withing a green wreath" and my note:  "The gray area on the center inside the wreath is where the commander's arms are shown, placed on a background of the colors of his native canton." 
The arms of Pope John Paul II in the first quarter on a red background ... and the arms of Pope Julius II are in the fourth quarter on a red background."
Joe McMillan, 19 December 2001

Recently I ran across a website with some excellent photos of Swiss Guard flags, including the most recent, at <www.schweizergarde.info>. A PDF of the definitive Swiss Guard history, which contains information on the history of the Guards' flags, is also available there through a link: Paul Krieg, "Die Schweizergarde in Rom," p. 446-449.  He states that the current Guards' flag design dates from the tenure of commander Jules Repond (1910- 1921).
Rev. William M. Becker, 20 April 2005

This design exists since the early 20th cent. Above is a tamplate with voided papal and commander arms, plus the Pope Julius II's arms on the lower fly.
António Martins-Tuválkin, 7 June 2005

Considering only those Colonels after 1905 (when the current Vatican Swiss Guard flag pattern was designed) and the popes from the same period, we can list all flags that (theoretically) existed:.

  • 1905-1910
    flag has never existed.
  • 1910-1914
    flag has never existed too. Pius X had completely rejected the flag draft. Repond presented the draft of the new flag design already in the year1912 . The pope Pius X was not open to the new ideas.
    So the first use of the current pattern was 1914, not 1905.
  • 1914-1921
    upper hoist: arms of Benedictus XV
    center: arms of Jules Repond, on black-white background (for Fribourg / Freiburg).
  • 1921-1922
    upper hoist: arms of Benedictus XV
    center: arms of Alois Hirschbühl, on black-white-blue background (for Graubünden / Grischun).
  • 1922-1935
    upper hoist: arms of Pius XI
    center: arms of Alois Hirschbühl, on black-white-blue background (for Graubünden / Grischun).
  • 1935-1939
    upper hoist: arms of Pius XI
    center: arms of Georg von Sury d'Aspremont, on red- white background (for Solothurn).
  • 1939-1942
    upper hoist: arms of Pius XII
    center: arms of Georg von Sury d'Aspremont, on red- white background (for Solothurn).
  • 1942-1957
    upper hoist: arms of Pius XII
    center: arms of Heinrich Pfyffer von Altishofen, on white-blue background (for Luzern).
  • 1957-1958
    upper hoist: arms of Pius XII
    center: arms of Robert Nünlist, on white-blue background (for Luzern).
  • 1958-1963
    upper hoist: arms of John XXIII
    center: arms of Robert Nünlist, on white-blue background (for Luzern).
  • 1963-1972
    upper hoist: arms of Paul VI
    center: arms of Robert Nünlist, on white-blue background (for Luzern).
  • 1972-1978
    upper hoist: arms of Paul VI
    center: arms of Franz Pfyffer von Altishofen, on white-blue background (for Luzern).
  • 1978
    upper hoist: arms of John Paul I
    center: arms of Franz Pfyffer von Altishofen, on white-blue background (for Luzern).
  • 1978-1982
    upper hoist: arms of John Paul II
    center: arms of Franz Pfyffer von Altishofen, on white-blue background (for Luzern).
  • 1982-1997
    upper hoist: arms of John Paul II
    center: arms of Roland Buchs-Binz, on black-white background (for Fribourg / Freiburg).
  • 1997-1998
    (Note: probably never existed, see below. ed)
    upper hoist: arms of John Paul II
    center: arms of Alois Estermann, on white-blue background (for Luzern).
  • 1998-2002
    upper hoist: arms of John Paul II
    center: arms of Pius Segmüller, on green-white background (for Sankt Gallen).
  • 2002-2005
    upper hoist: arms of John Paul II
    center: arms of Elmar Theodor Mäder, on green-white background (for Sankt Gallen).
  • 2005-
    upper hoist: arms of Benedictus XVI
    center: arms of Elmar Theodor Mäder, on green-white background (for Sankt Gallen).
    António Martins-Tuválkin and Jens Pattke, 9 June 2005

1997-1998
It is possible that Estermann was not represented by a flag with his Coat of Arms since he served as commander for less than one day. He was appointed 4 May 1998, and murdered by one of his men a few hours later New recruits were to be sworn in on 6 May 1998 in the famous flag ceremony (the anniversary of the sack of Rome in 1527 when 147 Swiss Guards died protecting Pope Clement VII), and Estermann had been acting commander since October 1997 when his predecessor resigned, so it is also possible that a new flag was ready for 6 May, or even unveiled on 4 May.
T.F. Mills, 9 June 2005


Guard Commandants

Here is the list of Commandants with their canton of origin
1. von Silenen, Kaspar UR (1506-1517)
2. Röist, Markus ZH (1518-1524)
3. Röist, Kaspar ZH (1518-1527)
vacant (1527-1548)
4. von Meggen, Jost LU (1548-1559)
5. von Silenen, Kaspar Leo LU (1559-1564)
6. Segesser von Brunegg, Jost LU (1566-1592)
7. Segesser von Brunegg, Stephan Alexander LU (1592-1629)
8. Flekenstein, Nikolaus LU (1629-1640)
9. Flekenstein, Jost LU (1640-1652)
10. Pfyffer von Altishofen, Johann Rudolf LU (1652-1657)
11. Pfyffer von Altishofen, Ludwig LU (1658-1686)
12. Pfyffer von Altishofen, Franz LU (1686-1696)
13. Mayr von Baldegg, Johann Kaspar LU (1696-1704)
vacant (1704-1712)
14. Pfyffer von Altishofen, Johann Konrad LU (1712-1727)
15. Pfyffer von Altishofen, Franz Ludwig LU (1727-1754)
16. Pfyffer von Altishofen, Jost Ignaz LU (1754-1782)
17. Pfyffer von Altishofen, Franz Alois LU (1783-1798)
vacant (1798-1800)
18. Pfyffer von Altishofen, Karl Leodegar LU (1800-1834)
19. Pfyffer von Altishofen, Martin LU (1835-1847)
20. Meyer von Schauensee, Franz Xaver Leopold LU (1848-1860)
21. von Sonnenberg, Alfred LU (1860-1878)
22. de Courten, Louis-Martin VS (1878-1901)
23. Meyer von Schauensee, Leopold LU (1901-1910)
24. Repond, Jules FR (1910-1921)
25. Hirschbühl, Alois GR (1921-1935)
26. von Sury d’Aspremont, Georg SO (1935-1942)
27. Pfyffer von Altishofen, Heinrich LU (1942-1957)
28. Nünlist, Robert LU (1957-1972)
29. Pfyffer von Altishofen, Franz LU (1972-1982)
30. Buchs-Binz, Roland FR (1982-1997)
31. Estermann, Alois LU (1998-1998)
32. Segmüller, Pius SG (1998-2002)
33. Mäder, Elmar Theodor SG (2002-)
T.F. Mills, 8 June 2005


Swiss Guard Colors for Benedict XVI


Swiss Guard Colors for Benedict XVI
image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 9 May 2005


Detail (Arms of Guard Commandant Elmar Theodor Mäder)
image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 25 April 2005

Here is the new Swiss Guard flag from <story.news.yahoo.com>.
Zachary Harden, 6 May 2005

The image is simply shown the expected new version of the Papal Guard flag: I.e., identical to the previous Swiss Guard Colors for John Paul II but with Benedict XVI's arms replacing John Paul II's. Note that the side areas of the shield are both or, and the central one is gules, whereas previously sent images shown different color patterns. The photo shown clearly the same central Coat of Arms too.
António Martins-Tuválkin, 9 May 2005

See also: Vatican (Holy See) - Personal Flag and Arms of Benedict XVI


Historical Flags

Here are the Pontifical Swiss Guard colors for Popes Pius IX (obverse and reverse), Pius X, and John Paul II.  I photographed them about 1984 during a personal tour of the Swiss Guard barracks.  At that time, as you can see, the current Swiss Guard flag was displayed in the Captain Commander's office against the wall.  It is paraded for the annual swearing-in ceremony of new recruits each May, and perhaps a few other occasions.  On Vatican flag-flying days it is displayed inside the "Bronze Doors," which lead from St. Peter's Square to the Apostolic Palace via Cortile San Damaso.  With the death of John Paul II, it will now have to be replaced by a flag bearing the arms of the new pope.
Rev. William M. Becker, 4 April 2005

Arms of Pius X (together with the arms of Julius II) were part of the Swiss Guard's arms for the 400th anniversary in 1906. See <www.schweizergarde.info>.
James Dignan, 26 April 2005

The other arms are the arms of Pope Julius II, who founded the Swiss Guard in 1505. See <members.tripod.com> located by António.
Santiago Dotor, 25 April 2005

The terrible Giuliano Della Rovere (1443-1513, Pope Julius II in 1503) was more a warlord than a church man. He was elected after the shortest conclave ever, in less than one day, after having bought his election (which was admitted at that time). Julius II  reestablished the political power of the papacy in Italy and set up the Cambrai League against Venice in 1508, then the Holy League against France (1511-1512). His attempt of reforming the church during the Vth Council of Latran (1512) was not successful. Julius II was a patron and appointed the architect Bramante (1444-1514), who designed the Belvedere Courtyard and started the St. Peter's Basilica (1505); the painter, architect and sculptor Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564), who made for the Pope's grave the two slaves (1513-1516) kept today in the Louvre Museum in Paris; and the painter Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520), who painted frescos in the "rooms" of the Vatican and a famous portrait of the Pope, kept today in the Offici Museum in Florence.
The Della Rovere family is a famous Italian family. The movie director Roberto Rossellini (1906-1977) portrayed a descendant of the family member of the anti-fascist resistance and killed by the German forces in the movie "Il Generale Della Rovere" (1959). The name of Rovere recalls the oak, therefore the canting arms of the family. The Latin classical word "robur" evolved to "roborem", and gave the Provencal word '"rover" and the French words "roure" and "robre", today "rouvre". However, botanists, as usual, complicated the situation, and it seems that "Quercus robur" is now the pedunculated oak ("chene pédonculé"), whereas the "chene rouvre" has been reallocated to species "Q. petrae". The roots "roure" and "rouvre" have given several toponyms in France (Roure, Le Rouret, Rouvray, Grosrouvre...).
Ivan Sache, 28 April 2005

Swiss Guard Colors for Pius X

Flags has never existed. Pius X had completely rejected the flag draft. Repond presented the draft of the new flag design already in the year1912 . The pope Pius X was not open to the new ideas.
António Martins-Tuválkin, 9 June 2005

1913-1914


Rejected - With the Arms of Guard Commandant Jules Repond

image by Jens Pattke, 19 February 2006

Upper hoist: arms of  Pius X;  Center: Jules Repond, on black-white background (for Fribourg / Freiburg).
Source: <www.schweizergarde.info>.
Jens Pattke, 19 February 2006

Swiss Guard Colors for Benedictus XV

1914-1921


With the Arms of Guard Commandant Jules Repond

image by Jens Pattke, 19 February 2006

Upper hoist: arms of  Benedictus XV;  Center: Jules Repond, on black-white background (for Fribourg / Freiburg).
Source: re-construction.
Jens Pattke, 19 February 2006

Swiss Guard Colors for Pius XI

1935-1939


With the Arms of Guard Commandant Georg von Sury d'Aspremont

image by Jens Pattke, 20 February 2006

upper hoist: arms of Pius XI center: arms of Georg von Sury d'Aspremont, on red- white background (for Solothurn).
Jens Pattke, 20 February 2006

Swiss Guard Colors for Pius XII

1939-1942


With the Arms of Guard Commandant Georg von Sury d'Aspremont

image by Jens Pattke, 20 February 2006

Upper hoist: arms of Pius XII. Center: arms of Georg von Sury d'Aspremont, on red- white background (for Solothurn).
Jens Pattke, 20 February 2006

1942-1957


With the Arms of Guard Commandant Heinrich Pfyffer von Altishofen

image by Jens Pattke, 20 February 2006

Upper hoist: arms of Pius XII. Center: arms of Heinrich Pfyffer von Altishofen, on white-blue background (for Luzern).
Source: <www.chateau-de-penthes.ch>,
Jens Pattke, 20 February 2006

1957-1958


With the Arms of Guard Commandant Robert Nünlist

image by Jens Pattke, 23 January 2006

Upper hoist: arms of Pius XII. Center: arms of Robert Nünlist, on white-blue background (for Luzern).
Source: <www.schweizergarde.info>.
Jens Pattke, 23 January 2006

Swiss Guard Colors for John XXIII

1958-1963


With the Arms of Guard Commandant Robert Nünlist

image by Jens Pattke, 23 January 2006

Upper hoist: arms of John XXIII. Center: arms of Robert Nünlist, on white-blue background (for Luzern).
Source: <www.schweizergarde.info>.
Jens Pattke, 23 January 2006

Swiss Guard Colors for Paul VI

1963-1972


With the Arms of Guard Commandant Robert Nünlist
image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 12 June 2005

At <www.schweizergarde.info> this one is shown at the bottom (at the top of the page the 2002-2005 flag is shown). Not the differences in the tiara and at the tips of the estole, with red instead of the current golden. (Perhaps this was changed at the same time as the wreath around the central area?).
António Martins-Tuválkin, 12 June 2005

Swiss Guard Colors for John Paul I (?)

1978


Unconfirmed !!!
With the Arms of Guard Commandant Franz Pfyffer von Altishofen

image by Jens Pattke, 11 June 2005

The usage of this flag of the Swiss Guard in 1978 is insecure. The pope John Paul I was only few days in the office. (26 August 1978 - 28 September 1978). I found no sources or photos about this flag.
Jens Pattke, 11 June 2005

Since the appointment of a new pope is a "surprise", the flags cannot be prepared beforehand. If this flag even existed, the process was quite fast.
António Martins-Tuválkin, 11 June 2005

The appointment of the new pope is a "surprise". But the Pope John Paul I already had an official coat of arms. The coat of arms was also illustrated on postage stamps of Vatican. With this fact was possible in theory new Guard flag. The use is not to be proved.
Jens Pattke, 12 June 2005

Swiss Guard Colors for John Paul II

1982-1997


With the Arms of Guard Commandant Roland Buchs-Binz (1982-1997)
image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 7 June 2005

The Vatican Swiss Guard regimental flag used during (part of) John Paul II's reign, under the command of a previous colonel.
This flag differs from the (later) one we display above in the central disc, matching a different Commander Colonel: The background is black over white, for Fribourg canton, and the colonel's personal arms are diferent. There are also rendering diferences for the wreath ornament.
António Martins-Tuválkin, 7 June 2005

1997-1998 (not in official use)


Not in official use
With the Arms of Guard Commandant Alois Estermann

image by Jens Pattke, 11 June 2005

The commander Alois Estermann was a interim-commander colonel  since November 1997. Before the day of his murder, in May 4 1998, there was already a new flag of the Swiss Guard. It had been already produced but not presented yet officially. Also the flag was not consecrated yet by a cardinal or the pope John Paul II. However, the new badge of comm. Colonel Alois Estermann was already known to the public (See: Flag Bulletin No. 187 (1999) ; pp. 89-105). On the 5th May, 1997 the official job was taken over by the already resigned commander Roland Bush-Binz. During the next day, the sacco di Roma 1998,  the old Swiss Guard flag with the badge of Col. Bush-Binz was used.
Jens Pattke, 11 June 2005

1998-2002


With the Arms of Guard Commandant Pius Segmüller

image by Jens Pattke, 23 January 2006

Upper hoist: arms of John Paul II. Center: Pius Segmüller, on green-white background (for Sankt Gallen).
Source: <www.schweizergarde.info>.
Jens Pattke, 23 January 2006

2002-2005


With the Arms of Guard Commandant Elmar Theodor Mäder
image by António Martins-Tuválkin, 25 April 2005

A very detailed image (and its detail) of Swiss Guard colors for John Paul II at <www.schweizergarde.info>, reported by Rev. William M. Becker.
António Martins-Tuválkin
, 20 April 2005

The upper hoist shows the J.P.II arms, with the shield in the typical italian capo di cavallo (horse head) shield shape and oversized keys. The central arms are set on a green and white vertical bicolor disc area, encircled in a stylized symmetrical wreath of 20 green leaves: Ogival shield sable and or per fess a six pointed star of the latter in dexter chief overall a scythe proper per counter-bend. Closed helm with panache.
António Martins-Tuválkin, 25 April 2005

The other arms are the arms of Pope Julius II, who founded the Swiss Guard in 1505. See <members.tripod.com> located by António.
Santiago Dotor, 25 April 2005

Unidentified

It seems that in the photo that we have, central arms seems to be Alois Estermann's and papal arms Paulus VI's, which is anachronical. Can somebody identify it?
António Martins-Tuválkin, 20 September 2005